The effects of the zinc fertilization on the yield and quality of some winter legume

Bu çalışma, farklı çinko dozlarının (0.75, 1.50, 3.00 kg da-1) bazı kışlık yem bitkilerinde (adi fiğ, koca fiğ, yem bezelyesi, acem üçgülü) morfolojik özelliklere, yaprak ve tüm bitkide besin elementi içeriklerine ve bazı yem kalitesi özelliklerine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliği alanlarında yürütülmüştür. Çinko uygulaması morfolojik özelliklerden bitki boyu, yaş ot verimi ve kuru ot veriminde önemli düzeyde artışlar sağlamıştır. Yem bitkileri arasında en yüksek ortalama boy, ortalama yaş ot verimi ve ortalama kuru ot verimi adi fiğde elde edilmiştir. Çinko uygulamasının yan dal sayısı ve yüzde kuru madde üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmamıştır. Çinko uygulamaları ile N ve Cu içeriği artarken P ve Ca içeriği düşmüştür. Diğer besin elementleri (K, Mg ve Na) ise etkilenmemiştir. Çalışmada incelenen değişik kalite parametrelerine bakıldığında en kaliteli yem bitkisi olarak yem bezelyesi bulunmuştur. Ortalama olarak en yüksek nispi yem değeri, en yüksek yem bezelyesinde (% 315) bulunmuş, daha sonra sırasıyla acem üçgülü (% 229), koca fiğ (% 139) ve adi fiğ (% 135) gelmiştir.This research was aimed to find out the effects of different doses of zinc (0.75, 1.50, 3.00 kg da-1) on morphologic characteristics, nutrient contents in the leaf and whole crop and some quality parameters of the winter legume crops (common vetch, narbon vetch, field pea, persian clover ) This study was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture in Adnan Menderes University under field conditions. Zinc applications provided significant level of improvements in the morphologic characteristics like plant height, fresh and dry forage yields. Among the winter legume crops, the maximum plant high, fresh and dry forage yields was held on the common vetch. The effects of Zn applications on the number of side bough and dry matter percentage were seen as inconsiderable. It was seen that in the whole crop analyses the Zn application caused a rising in N and Cu while there was a decreasing in P and Ca. The other nutrient elements (K, Mg and Na) was not effected. It was founded that the highest qualified winter legume crop was field pea according to different quality parameters in our research. As an average, the highest relative feed value was founded in field pea (% 315), and followed persian clover (% 229), narbon vetch (% 139) and common vetch (% 135)

Cognitive networking for next generation of cellular communication systems

This thesis presents a comprehensive study of cognitive networking for cellular networks with contributions that enable them to be more dynamic, agile, and efficient. To achieve this, machine learning (ML) algorithms, a subset of artificial intelligence, are employed to bring such cognition to cellular networks. More specifically, three major branches of ML, namely supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning (RL), are utilised for various purposes: unsupervised learning is used for data clustering, while supervised learning is employed for predictions on future behaviours of networks/users. RL, on the other hand, is utilised for optimisation purposes due to its inherent characteristics of adaptability and requiring minimal knowledge of the environment. Energy optimisation, capacity enhancement, and spectrum access are identified as primary design challenges for cellular networks given that they are envisioned to play crucial roles for 5G and beyond due to the increased demand in the number of connected devices as well as data rates. Each design challenge and its corresponding proposed solution are discussed thoroughly in separate chapters. Regarding energy optimisation, a user-side energy consumption is investigated by considering Internet of things (IoT) networks. An RL based intelligent model, which jointly optimises the wireless connection type and data processing entity, is proposed. In particular, a Q-learning algorithm is developed, through which the energy consumption of an IoT device is minimised while keeping the requirement of the applications--in terms of response time and security--satisfied. The proposed methodology manages to result in 0% normalised joint cost--where all the considered metrics are combined--while the benchmarks performed 54.84% on average. Next, the energy consumption of radio access networks (RANs) is targeted, and a traffic-aware cell switching algorithm is designed to reduce the energy consumption of a RAN without compromising on the user quality-of-service (QoS). The proposed technique employs a SARSA algorithm with value function approximation, since the conventional RL methods struggle with solving problems with huge state spaces. The results reveal that up to 52% gain on the total energy consumption is achieved with the proposed technique, and the gain is observed to reduce when the scenario becomes more realistic. On the other hand, capacity enhancement is studied from two different perspectives, namely mobility management and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assistance. Towards that end, a predictive handover (HO) mechanism is designed for mobility management in cellular networks by identifying two major issues of Markov chains based HO predictions. First, revisits--which are defined as a situation whereby a user visits the same cell more than once within the same day--are diagnosed as causing similar transition probabilities, which in turn increases the likelihood of making incorrect predictions. This problem is addressed with a structural change; i.e., rather than storing 2-D transition matrix, it is proposed to store 3-D one that also includes HO orders. The obtained results show that 3-D transition matrix is capable of reducing the HO signalling cost by up to 25.37%, which is observed to drop with increasing randomness level in the data set. Second, making a HO prediction with insufficient criteria is identified as another issue with the conventional Markov chains based predictors. Thus, a prediction confidence level is derived, such that there should be a lower bound to perform HO predictions, which are not always advantageous owing to the HO signalling cost incurred from incorrect predictions. The outcomes of the simulations confirm that the derived confidence level mechanism helps in improving the prediction accuracy by up to 8.23%. Furthermore, still considering capacity enhancement, a UAV assisted cellular networking is considered, and an unsupervised learning-based UAV positioning algorithm is presented. A comprehensive analysis is conducted on the impacts of the overlapping footprints of multiple UAVs, which are controlled by their altitudes. The developed k-means clustering based UAV positioning approach is shown to reduce the number of users in outage by up to 80.47% when compared to the benchmark symmetric deployment. Lastly, a QoS-aware dynamic spectrum access approach is developed in order to tackle challenges related to spectrum access, wherein all the aforementioned types of ML methods are employed. More specifically, by leveraging future traffic load predictions of radio access technologies (RATs) and Q-learning algorithm, a novel proactive spectrum sensing technique is introduced. As such, two different sensing strategies are developed; the first one focuses solely on sensing latency reduction, while the second one jointly optimises sensing latency and user requirements. In particular, the proposed Q-learning algorithm takes the future load predictions of the RATs and the requirements of secondary users--in terms of mobility and bandwidth--as inputs and directs the users to the spectrum of the optimum RAT to perform sensing. The strategy to be employed can be selected based on the needs of the applications, such that if the latency is the only concern, the first strategy should be selected due to the fact that the second strategy is computationally more demanding. However, by employing the second strategy, sensing latency is reduced while satisfying other user requirements. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared to random sensing, the first strategy decays the sensing latency by 85.25%, while the second strategy enhances the full-satisfaction rate, where both mobility and bandwidth requirements of the user are simultaneously satisfied, by 95.7%. Therefore, as it can be observed, three key design challenges of the next generation of cellular networks are identified and addressed via the concept of cognitive networking, providing a utilitarian tool for mobile network operators to plug into their systems. The proposed solutions can be generalised to various network scenarios owing to the sophisticated ML implementations, which renders the solutions both practical and sustainable

Managment of endothelial disfunction at pulmonary endothel induced by iskemia

Bu çalışmada deneysel hipoksi oluşturulan insan pulmoner endotel hücre kültüründe, L-arjinin ve N-asetilsistein'in, hipoksi ile hasarlanmış pulmoner endotel hücresi üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Yöntem: Human Arteria Pulmonaris Endotel (HAPE) hücre kültürü kullanılarak, flastaki kuyucukların zeminini % 70-80 oranında kapladığında gruplar oluşturuldu. L-arjinin ve N-asetilsistein eklenerek gruplar dört saat normal ortam sağlayan % 5 CO2 ve hipoksik ortam oluşturmak için % 20 CO2 inkübasyonuna bırakıldı. Dört saatin sonunda flasklar inkübatörlerden laminer kabine alındı. Üzerlerine daha önceden hazırlanan insan kanından elde edilen 500 'L 5x105 olan PMN eklendi ve otuz dk % 5 ve % 20 CO2 inkübatörde inkübe edildi. Otuz dakikanın sonunda flasklar inkübatörlerden alınarak Işık mikroskobu aracılığı ile Lökostat solüsyonu ile boyanıp apopitoz/ normal hücre oranına, Giemsa boyasıyla da PMN hücresinin endotel hücresine yapışmasına bakıldı. TNF-' değerleri ELİSA yöntemiyle 450 nm dalga boyunda fotometrik olarak okundu. İstatistik yöntem: Grup içi ve gruplar arası apopitoz ve adezyon değerleri tek yönlü ANOVA, L- arjininin iki gruptaki etkileri student-t testi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. p değeri 0,05 altında olan değerler istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. Bulgular: Çalışmada % 5 CO2 grubunda apopitozda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişikliğe rastlanmadı. % 20 CO2 verildiğinde kontrol grubu ve N-asetilsistein grubunda yaygın hücre ölümü saptandı. L-arjininin her iki dozda da hücre ölümünü engellediği gözlendi. % 5 CO2 verilen kontrol grubunda L-arjinin 30 'M dozda kontrol grubuna benzer bir adezyon oluşturmasına karşılık 100 'M dozda istatistiksel anlamlı olmayan adezyon düşüklüğüne neden oldu. N-asetilsistein 30 'M dozda kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olarak (p < 0,05) adezyon artışına yol açtı. % 20 CO2 verildiğinde kontrol grubu ve N-asetilsistein grubunda yaygın hücre ölümü saptandığı için adezyon açısından istatistiksel değerlendirme yapılamadı. L-arjinin her iki dozda da istatistiksel anlamlı olmayan adezyon artışına neden oldu. Gerek % 5 CO2 gerekse % 20 CO2 verilen gruplarda kullanılan ilaçlarla TNF-' düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre iskemi oluşturulduğunda L-arjininin doz bağımsız olarak pulmoner endotel hücre ölümünü ve adezyon artışını engellediği saptanmıştır. İmmün beslenme pulmoner endotel hücrelerinde koruma sağlayabilir. N- asetilsistein iskemi varlığında beklenen koruyucu fonksiyonları sağlayamamaktadır. İskeminin pulmoner endotel hücresinde albümin geçirgenliği, lökosit geçirgenliği ve enfeksiyon varlığında neden olabileceği durumlar için ileri çalışmalara gerek vardır.In this study, the effects of L-arginin and N- asetylsystein on demaged pulmonery endothelial cell by hypoxia at the experimentaly hypoxia created human pulmonery endothelial cell medium. Methods: By using HEPE cell medium the groups acured when it cvered the % 70-80 of the grourd of the wells at flask. By edding L- arginin and N- N-acetylsystein the groups are leaved in % 5 CO2 that provides normal situation and % 20 CO2 that provides hypoxic situation to incubate for four hours. At the end of 4 hours the flasks are taken from incubator to laminer cabin. 500 'L 5x105 PMN been prepared from humen blood before added on them and incubated for 30 minutes % 5 and % 20 CO2 incubator. At the end of the 30 minutes, the flasks are taken from incubator and under the microscope, te apopitosis/normal rate and; adhesion of PMN to endothelial cell which painted with Giemsa are seen. The volues of TNF-' are read at the 450 nm wau lenghet fotometriciy by ELİSA. Statisticaliy method: Apopitosis and adhesion values within each group and betueen groups ate evaluted by one sideol ANOVA and the effects of L-arginin on two groups are evaluateol by using student test. The results that's p values are below 0,05 are not accepted stastistically meaninful. Findings: In the study especially in the % 5 CO2 group there wasn't meaninful at apopitosis when % 20 CO2 edded, widespred cell death found in the control group and N- acetylsystein group. It has been doserved that L- aginin prevented the cell death in both groups. Alt in he control group in wthich % 5 CO2 added, L- arginin at 30 'M dose mode the similr adhesion like the control group, at 100 'M dose it has mode a statisticcally not meaninful decrease in adhesion. At 30 'M dose of N- acetylsystein, compared to control group there vas a stastistically important increase in adhesion p< 0,05. When % 20 CO2 edded to control and N- acetylsystein groups, there coldn't make a statisticcally evaluattion becase at widespred cell death. In both doses L- aginin mode an statisticcally not important increase in adhesion. Both in % 5 CO2 and % 20 CO2 odded there wasn't a statisticcally important difference betwen TNF-' by the dnegs used. Results: According to the resulb of this study; when ischemia been mode; it has been fourd thet L- aginin preventth pulmonary endothelial cell deathe and increases adhesion independentty from doses. Immune nutricion can supply support at pulmonary endothelial cells. In the presens of ischemia; N- acetylsystein con't show the expected protective functions. Advanced studies are needed in order to show that what may ischemia cause at the pumonary endothelial cell at the presence of infection the effects of it on albumin Leucocyte permeability

Management measures to be taken for the enterprises in difficulty during times of global crisis: An empirical study

AbstractGlobal crises affect the economic activities of countries in both macro and micro level. With the crises, accounting and financing practices gain crucial importance in enterprises. In other words, enterprises face the necessity of taking certain financing measures in order to survive the in the crisis environment. In this study, firstly the theoretical approaches concerning the financing measures to be taken by enterprises in crises are presented. The second part of the study is devoted to the survey prepared on the basis of the said theoretical framework and through which the enterprises’ views on the financing measures they take during times of economic crises were asked for

On Some Generalized -Difference Riesz Sequence Spaces and Uniform Opial Property

We define the new generalized difference Riesz sequence spaces r(infinity)(q)(p, B-m), r(c)(q)(p, B-m), and r(0)(q)(p, B-m) which consist of all the sequences whose B-m-transforms are in the Riesz sequence spaces r(infinity)(q)(p), r(c)(q)(p), and r(0)(q)(p), respectively, introduced by Altay and Basar (2006). We examine some topological properties and compute the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-duals of the spaces r(infinity)(q)(p, B-m), r(c)(q)(p, B-m), and r(0)(q)(p, B-m). Finally, we determine the necessary and sufficient conditions on the matrix transformation from the spaces r(infinity)(q)(p, B-m), r(c)(q)(p, B-m), and r(0)(q)(p, B-m) to the spaces l(infinity) and c and prove that sequence spaces r(0)(q)(p, B-m) and r(c)(q)(p, B-m) have the uniform Opial property for p(k) <= 1 for all k is an element of N.https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/48573

HAPS-Enabled Sustainability Provision in Cellular Networks through Cell-Switching

There is a consensus in the literature that cell-switching is a viable solution to tackle the draconian increase in the energy consumption of cellular networks. Although the literature is full of works addressing the energy consumption problem via cell-switching, where small cells with low or no load are turned off and the traffic is offloaded to either adjacent base stations or macro cells, in terrestrial communication networks, they may not be feasible when there is either a lack of infrastructure or insufficient capacity due to high demand. The integration of non-terrestrial networks (NTN) into the cell-switching process can be considered as a visionary approach to handle this problem. In this regard, high altitude platform station (HAPS) draws considerable attention with its massive footprint, high capacity, and ubiquitous connectivity. The aim of this study is to show the potential benefits of using HAPS in cell-switching methods by being a bountiful host for offloaded users from cell-switching operations. More specifically, HAPS is included in the network so that it can increase the switching off opportunities by providing extra coverage and capacity. The simulation results demonstrate that a significant amount of reduction in energy consumption (as high as 16%) is obtained while ensuring quality-of-service (QoS) requirements

First Report of Chryseobacterium sp. from Koi (Cyprinus carpio) in Turkey

In this study, we isolated Chryseobacterium sp. from koi in Turkey. The disease outbreak occurred in fish weighing 10-300g (water temperature 9-10°C) in November 2011- February 2012. The cumulative mortality rate was approximately 55% over 4 months. Infected koi exhibited anorexia, weakness, emaciation, damage to dorsal and caudal fins, grey-white skin discoloration (1-1.5cm) in the head area, large open wounds in skin with disease progression, necropsy findings, paleness of the liver, enlarged spleen and kidney, acidic fluid in the body cavity. Samples for bacteriological examinations were collected from the kidney, liver, and spleen using sterile swabs; these samples were streaked onto Anacker ordal Agar and incubated at 18°C for 48 h. Five bacterial isolates were obtained from diseased fish. Phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were determined by conventional methods and rapid identification kits, API 20NE, and API ZYM. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that isolate Sin57 belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium, with highest sequence similarity (98.5 %) to C. aahli T68T and C. limigenitum SUR2

Automatic ventilator (surevent™) use for the transport of the patients who had undergone open heart surgery

Bu çalısmanın amacı açık kalp cerrahisi uygulanan hastaların yogun bakıma transportu sırasında balonvalv cihazıyla (Ambu® resüsitatör Mark III) yapılan manuel ventilasyon ile Surevent™ otomatik ventilatörle yapılan mekanik ventilasyona baglı hemodinamik ve kan gazı degisiklikleri karsılastırmaktır.Açık kalp cerrahisinden sonra entübe olarak yogun bakıma transfer edilecek 50 hasta çalısmaya alındı. Hastalar randomize edilerek transportta kullanılacak ventilasyon yöntemine göre manuel ventilasyon (Ambu® resüsitatör Mark III; Grup BV, n= 25) veya mekanik ventilasyon (Surevent™ otomatik ventilatör; Grup SV, n= 25) gruplarından birine dahil edildi. Hastalardan, yogun bakıma transporttan önce (T0), yogun bakıma transporttan hemen sonra (T1) ve yogun bakıma transporttan 20 dakikada sonra (T2) olmak üzere üç kez kan gazı ve hemodinamik verileri kaydedildi.Iki grubun da transport süresinin medyan degeri 5 dakikaydı. Gruplar arasında PaO2' de, transporttan önce fark saptanmazken, yogun bakıma transporttan sonra Grup SV'de Grup BV' den belirgin olarak yüksek bulundu (p= 0,002). Yogun bakıma transporttan sonra 20. dakikada bakılan PaO2 degerlerinde fark saptanmadı. Diger kan gazı verilerinde ve hemodinamik parametrelerde gruplar arasında önemli fark saptanmadı.Surevent™ otomatik ventilatör, açık kalp cerrahisi uygulanan hastaların transportunda kısa süreli olarak kullanılabilecegi ve manuel ventilasyonla karsılastırıldıgında aralarında anlamlı bir fark olmadıgı görüldü.To investigate whether Surevent™automatic ventilator could be safely used or not for the transport of the patients who had undergone open heart surgery to intensive care unit (ICU) and to compare this equipment with manual ventilator(Ambu® Resusitator Mark III). The study included 50 patients greater than 18 years old, that would be transported intubated to ICU after open heart surgery. The patients were randomized to two groups according to the ventilation method that would be used during the transport as, the patients that would be transported with manuel ventilation (Group BV, n= 25) or Surevent™automatic ventilator (Group SV, n= 25). Arterial blood gas testing was performed three times for each patient before the transport to the ICU (T0), after the transport to the ICU (T1), at 20 minutes after the transport to the ICU (T2). Hemodynamic variables were recorded at the same time periods. While there were no significant differences between the two groups according to PaO2 values measured during the preoperative and before the transport, the PaO2 values of group SVwas significantly greater than group BV postoperatively after the transport to the ICU (p= 0.002). PaO2 values at 20 minutes after the transport to the ICU were not different between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the hemodynamics variables. Surevent™automatic ventilator can be used for a short period for the transport of the patients after open heart surgery and we observed no significant difference when compared with manual ventilatio

UAV-based Maritime Communications: Relaying to Enhance the Link Quality

Providing a stable connectivity in maritime communications is of utmost importance to unleash the full potential of smart ports. Nonetheless, due to the crowded nature of harbor environments, it is likely that some ships are shadowed by others, resulting in reduced received power that subsequently diminishes their data rates-even threatens basic connectivity requirements. Given that UAVs have been regarded as an integral part of future generations of wireless communication networks, they can be employed in maritime communications as well. In this paper, we investigate the use of UAV-mounted relays in order to help mitigate the reduced data rates of blocked links in maritime communications. Various communication architectures are considered based on the positioning mechanism of the UAV; in this regard, fixed, k-means algorithm-based, and landing spot-based positioning approaches are examined. On the other hand, since UAVs are predominantly battery-operated, the energy consumption performances of these approaches are also measured. Results reveal that the landing spot-based UAV relay positioning approach finds the best trade-off between the data rate and energy consumption

HALKA AÇIK FİRMALARIN BETA KATSAYILARININ REGRESYON MODELİ İLE TESPİTİ VE HALKA AÇIK OLMAYAN FİRMALARA YÖNELİK UYGULANABİLİRLİĞİ

Halka açık olmayan firmaların değerinin tespitinde, mali tablolardan yola çıkılarak bir takım önermeler ve varsayımlar altında değerin tespiti mümkün olabilmektedir. Ancak, bu firmaların özsermaye maliyetlerinin tespitinde önemli bir sorunla karşılaşılmaktadır. Halka açık olmayan firmaların özsermaye maliyetleri Sermaye Varlıklarını Fiyatlandırma Modeli (Capital Assets Pricing Model-CAPM) kullanılarak hesaplanmak istendiğinde, beta katsayılarının tespitinde zorluklar yaşanmaktadır. Çalışmada, bu zorluk dikkate alınarak, öncelikle halka açık firmaların mali tablo değişkenleri ile beta katsayıları arasındaki ilişki regresyon modeli yardımıyla tespit edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Daha sonrasında, ilgili model halka açık olan firmaların verileri kullanılarak test edilmekte ve halka açık olmayan firmalar üzerinde uygulanmaktadır